Orbital Diagram Notation
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The orbital diagram (or box diagram) is a visual representation of the electron configuration that shows how electrons are distributed among the specific orbitals within a subshell, including their spin.
Key Rules for Filling the Diagram:
- Aufbau Principle: fill orbitals starting with the lowest energy level (e.g., 1s before 2s and 4s before 3d);
- Pauli Exclusion Principle: a maximum of two electrons can occupy a single orbital;
- Hund's Rule: For degenerate orbitals (orbitals of equal energy, like the three p orbitals), electrons will occupy each orbital singly before pairing up in any one orbital.
The number of individual orbitals (boxes) in a subshell is determined by the angular momentum quantum number (l):
- s subshell (l=0): 1 orbital (box), 2 electrons maximum;
- p subshell (l=1): 3 orbitals (boxes), 6 electrons maximum;
- d subshell (l=2): 5 orbitals (boxes),...
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